RESUMO
This article focuses on policy and law concerning violence against women as a public health issue. In Sweden, violence against women is recently recognized as a public health problem; we label this shift "The public health turn on violence against women". The new framing implies increased demands on the Swedish healthcare sector and its' ability to recognise violence and deal with it in terms of prevention and interventions. The aim was to describe and discuss the main content and characteristics of Swedish healthcare law, and national public health and gender-equality policies representing the public health turn on violence against women. Through discursive policy analysis, we investigate how the violence is described, what is regarded to be the problem and what solutions and interventions that are suggested in order to solve the problem. Healthcare law articulates violence against women as an ordinary healthcare issue and the problem as shortcomings to provide good healthcare for victims, but without specifying what the problem or the legal obligation for the sector is. The public health problem is rather loosely defined, and suggested interventions are scarce and somewhat vague. The main recommendations for healthcare are to routinely ask patients about violence exposure. Violence against women is usually labelled "violence within close relationships" in the policies, and it is not necessarily described as a gender equality problem. While violence against women in some policy documents is clearly framed as a public health problem, such a framing is absent in others, or is transformed into a gender-neutral problem of violence within close relationships. It is not clearly articulated what the framing should lead to in terms of the healthcare sector's obligations, interventions and health promotions, apart from an ambivalent discourse on daring to ask about violence.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde Pública/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/prevenção & controle , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , SuéciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts approximately one quarter of Canadian women, and services provided to support women are heavily influenced by policy. Policy sets the stage and tone for action in all sectors. To date, there have been no critical discourse analyses examining how provincial, hospital, and women's shelter policies intersect and impact women in rural communities. METHODS: A critical discourse analysis using a case study of one rural community in south-western Ontario was undertaken by a multisectoral team of researchers using a critical, feminist, intersectional lens. The selected policies were (1) Domestic Violence Action Plan for Ontario (ODVAP), (2) the rural women's shelter policy, and (3) the hospital policy. RESULTS: The internal analysis of the policies revealed that ODVAP focused on societal solutions to violence requiring cross-sectoral cooperation with a focus on marginalized populations, whereas the rural shelter policy focused on creating a philosophical orientation to underpin their work with clients. There was no formal hospital policy related to the provision of services for women who have experienced violence. The policies revealed a disconnect between the stated goals and the specifics concerning how the policies would come together to achieve these goals. Obstacles such as having no clear link for how ODVAP and the shelter policy would work together, idealization of training but a lack of specificity on what training would be useful, and the requirement of affirmative action on the part of women to engage with services functioned as a means to maintain the status quo, that is, working in a siloed approach to care. CONCLUSIONS: Integrative systems are important for women who have experienced IPV given the wide range of health, social, and economic consequences of violence. Policy alignment is important for women who have experienced or are experiencing IPV, particularly in rural contexts where services are fraught with additional barriers.
Assuntos
Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/prevenção & controle , Política Organizacional , Formulação de Políticas , Política Pública , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Atenção à Saúde/normas , Feminino , Acesso aos Serviços de Saúde/normas , Humanos , Ontário , População RuralRESUMO
This article presents qualitative findings on women's knowledge and perceptions of services available to victims of domestic violence in Ghana. In addition, the challenges to access of service and service delivery are explored. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 10 female residents of Sowutuom, a periurban community in Accra, Ghana. An additional three semistructured interviews were also conducted with local service providers in Accra. Results showed that awareness among respondents of available services was low. The majority of women had heard of the Domestic Violence and Victim Support Unit of the Ghana Police Service, though they had limited knowledge of the kind of support provided by this service provider. In addition, most women expressed doubt in the ability of these services to adequately handle cases of intimate partner violence. This study demonstrates that more educational campaigns need to be carried out to raise awareness among Ghanaians on domestic violence and the formal interventions available in the country.
Assuntos
Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Acesso aos Serviços de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/psicologia , Feminino , Gana , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/legislação & jurisprudência , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Polícia , Política Pública , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
The reporting of rape to police is an important component of this crime to have the criminal justice system involved and, potentially, punish offenders. However, for a number of reasons (fear of retribution, self-blame, etc.), most rapes are not reported to police. Most often, the research investigating this phenomenon considers incident and victim factors with little attention to the spatio-temporal factors of the rape. In this study, we consider incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors relating to rape reporting in Campinas, Brazil. Our primary research question is whether or not the spatio-temporal factors play a significant role in the reporting of rape, over and above incident and victim factors. The subjects under study are women who were admitted to the Women's Integrated Healthcare Center at the State University of Campinas, Brazil, and surveyed by a psychologist or a social worker. Rape reporting to police was measured using a dichotomous variable. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of rape reporting based on incident, victim, and spatio-temporal factors. Although we find that incident and victim factors matter for rape reporting, spatio-temporal factors (rape/home location and whether the rape was in a private or public place) play an important role in rape reporting, similar to the literature that considers these factors. This result has significant implications for sexual violence education. Only when we know why women decide not to report a rape may we begin to work on strategies to overcome these hurdles.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Estupro/legislação & jurisprudência , Saúde da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Brasil , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Criminosos/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Polícia , Política Pública , Estupro/psicologia , Violência/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
More than a decade after its passing, Sri Lanka's Prevention of Domestic Violence Act (PDVA) remains a remedy of last resort for female survivors of intimate partner violence, as there is little support to take on a rights-defined identity as a battered woman both inside and outside the courtroom. However, large numbers of women are accessing the Maintenance Act of 1999 to exit violent relationships without the censure and stigma that attaches to the PDVA. The key to understanding this phenomenon is to consider how familial ideology works in unpredictable ways within the Sri Lankan judicial system. This article examines the reach and different impacts of familial ideology within the judiciary and argues that female survivors of violence navigate this ideology to their own advantage. However, the preference to address violence through the Maintenance Act renders such violence invisible. The price for judicial redress is silence.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Jurisprudência , Mães/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Características da Família , Feminino , Humanos , Mães/estatística & dados numéricos , Negociação/métodos , Sri Lanka , Sobreviventes/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
One in three U.S. women has experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) and many seek domestic violence protective orders (DVPOs) for secondary IPV prevention. Because judges have considerable autonomy making DVPO decisions, there is a need to describe how courtroom interactions and information available to judges may influence DVPO dispositions. We conducted DVPO hearing observations and phone interviews with District Court Judges. Qualitative themes emerged that may influence judges' decision making in DVPO hearings: case information availability, judge engagement level, and litigant credibility. Recommendations include more time for judges to review case files, IPV-related training for judges, and increased court advocate use.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/legislação & jurisprudência , Comportamento de Escolha , Feminino , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/prevenção & controle , Função Jurisdicional , Masculino , North Carolina , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Studies show that a large number of women around the world have experienced situations of abuse, disrespect, abuse, and neglect during childbirth and/or abortion. This violence is a serious violation of the rights of women, especially because it is a period in which the woman is more physiologically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable. Although this type of violence is known, there is still no international consensus on the definition of such violence and its prevalence is not known. In this sense, this systematic review aims (1) to find quantitative data about abuse and disrespect in obstetric care (delivery and/or abortion) in Latin America and the Caribbean to estimate the average prevalence of this type of abuse and (2) to identify interventions-including programs, laws, and regulations-which have been implemented to prevent or respond to abuse and disrespect in childbirth process and abortion situation, evaluating its effectiveness on a global scale. METHODS: For this, we will use a refined and pre-established strategy to search databases such as PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and Scielo, and the studies found will pass through a selection process to complete the screening stage. DISCUSSION: Data will be extracted using standardized forms with the following information: scope of study, sample characteristics, objectives, design, data collection, methods of analysis, data source, and results. Considering the heterogeneity of the definitions of abuse, disrespect, and mistreatment of women in labor or abortion, it may not be possible to carry out the meta-analysis of the frequency of events reported in the included articles. Events reported by the original articles will be classified according to a typology of abuse, disrespect, and maltreatment in the labor or abortion process described by Bohren et al. (PLoS Med, 2015). SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42016038651.
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido/psicologia , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Parto/psicologia , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Região do Caribe , Parto Obstétrico/psicologia , Feminino , Saúde Global , Humanos , América Latina , Gravidez , Prevalência , Revisões Sistemáticas como Assunto , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/legislação & jurisprudência , Refugiados/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Sociologia/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados Unidos , United States Department of Homeland Security/legislação & jurisprudênciaAssuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/economia , Serviços de Saúde da Criança/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde Materna/economia , Serviços de Saúde Materna/legislação & jurisprudência , Adolescente , Adulto , Austrália , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medicina Estatal/economia , Medicina Estatal/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Over the past 40 years, intimate partner violence (IPV) has evolved from an emerging social problem to a socially unacceptable crime. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 encourages state policies that focus on criminal justice intervention, including mandatory arrest and prosecution. Services offered to victim-survivors of IPV are often tied to criminal justice intervention, or otherwise encourage separation. These interventions have been seen as effectively using the authority of the state to enhance women's power relative to that of abusive men. However, these interventions do not serve the needs of women who, for cultural or personal reasons, want to remain in their relationship, or marginalized women who fear the power of the state due to institutionalized violence, heterosexism, and racism. The one-size-fits-all approach that encourages prosecution and batterer intervention programs for offenders and shelter and advocacy for victim-survivors fails to adhere to the social work value of client self-determination and the practice principle of meeting clients where they are. It is imperative that social workers in all areas of practice are aware of IPV policies, services, and laws. Social workers' challenge moving forward is to develop innovative and evidence-based interventions that serve all victim-survivors of IPV
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Serviço Social , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Direito Penal , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estados UnidosRESUMO
This study used a sample of women who obtained protective orders (N = 709) from urban and rural communities and identified risk factors in arrest for victims of intimate partner violence 12 months after the protective order was obtained. Lower social support, higher loneliness, living in a rural community, substance abuse/dependency, a history of prior arrest, engaging in illegal behavior, and younger age were all identified as significant predictors of arrest at follow-up. The findings highlight the need for support and resources in vulnerable populations to reduce the risk of offending and recidivism. Implications for reentry programs and services for victimized women at risk are discussed.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Vítimas de Crime/estatística & dados numéricos , Delitos Sexuais/estatística & dados numéricos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Populações Vulneráveis/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , Delitos Sexuais/legislação & jurisprudência , Apoio Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados Unidos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Following the fall of communism, Slovakia found itself in a challenging position: to openly acknowledge the existence of intimate partner violence (IPV) and its disproportionate effect on women and children without an infrastructure to address victim safety, and provide resources and legal help. With collaboration with non-governmental organizations (NGOs), the government responded by developing shelters and introducing legislation that criminalized IPV and created social services for victims. To assess implementation efforts, we conducted in-depth interviews with governmental officials and NGO personnel who provide services for battered women. We focus on the operation and efficacy of shelters to discover what services are most needed for battered women, the criminal justice system's response to IPV, and what long-range goals will facilitate more permanent solutions to the social problem of violence against women in Slovakia.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/psicologia , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Direito Penal/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Habitação , Humanos , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência por Parceiro Íntimo/prevenção & controle , Organizações/legislação & jurisprudência , Eslováquia , Saúde da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudênciaRESUMO
Following a criminal case disposition, an intimate partner violence (IPV) victim's willingness to seek future police and prosecutorial assistance may depend on her prior experiences within the system. This longitudinal study examines the relationship between IPV victims' future help-seeking based on past experiences. We hypothesized women would return to the criminal justice system if their adjudication wishes corresponded with prosecutors' actions. Contrary to the hypothesis, results suggest women return to the criminal system and other venues even if prosecutors' actions do not correspond to their earlier stated wishes. This has important policy implications given pro-prosecution protocols that encourage adjudication regardless of a woman's participation.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Polícia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Comportamento de Ajuda , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Controles Informais da Sociedade , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Saúde da Mulher , Adulto JovemRESUMO
A critical, albeit understudied, dimension of the backlash against women's anti-violence advocacy is the rise of Indian men's rights organizations formed to lobby for changes to, and in some cases, the complete abolition of vital legal protections for women. Utilizing cyber forums, public protests, and print media, these groups disseminate narratives of women wreaking destruction on the Indian family through their alleged misuse of "gender-biased" laws. These activities are significant because they operate as transnational sites of meaning making about the realities of violence against women in India and because they conspire in a distortion of reality that jeopardizes ongoing advocacy efforts.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Relações Familiares , Identidade de Gênero , Relações Interpessoais , Abuso Físico/legislação & jurisprudência , Direitos da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência , Feminino , Humanos , Índia , Abuso Físico/tendências , Poder Psicológico , Direitos da Mulher/organização & administraçãoRESUMO
Using a longitudinal dataset of 142 victims of intimate partner violence seeking help from the criminal justice system, this study explored the relationship between victims' perceptions of procedural and distributive justice and their mental health and intention to use the system again. Controlling for reabuse and victims' mental health at baseline, victims who perceived higher levels of procedural justice experienced higher levels of quality of life, lower levels of depression, and higher levels of intention to use the court system again at 3 and 6 months after intake, regardless of case disposition. Subjective distributive justice moderated the relationship between procedural justice and quality of life and likelihood of future help-seeking at 6 months after intake, such that higher perceptions of procedural and subjective distributive justice predicted higher quality of life and likelihood of future help-seeking. Objective distributive justice (whether any consequences resulted from the criminal case and victims received what they requested in a civil protection order) did not relate to victims' mental health, intention to use the system again, or procedural and subjective distributive justice. Results suggest fair court processes may help victims by positively affecting their mental health and increasing their intention to use the justice system again.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Direito Penal , Saúde Mental/legislação & jurisprudência , Aceitação pelo Paciente de Cuidados de Saúde/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais/psicologia , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Percepção , Qualidade de Vida , Análise de Regressão , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/estatística & dados numéricos , Virginia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To provide differential effectiveness on length of stay at a shelter and receipt versus non-receipt of a protection order (PO), and outcomes of violence, functioning, and resiliency, in 300 abused women (150 first-time users of a shelter and 150 first-time applicants for a PO) who participate in a 7-year study with outcomes measured every 4 months. Four months after a shelter stay or application for a PO, abused women staying 21 days or less at a shelter reported similar outcomes compared with women staying longer than 21 days. Similarly, women receiving and not receiving a PO reported overall equivalent outcomes. Seeking shelter or justice services results in similar improved outcomes for abused women 4 months later, regardless of length of stay at the shelter or receipt or no receipt of the PO. Contact with shelter and justice services results in positive outcomes for abused women and indicates the urgent need to increase availability, accessibility, and acceptability of shelter and justice services.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Violência Doméstica/legislação & jurisprudência , Violência Doméstica/prevenção & controle , Serviços de Saúde da Mulher/estatística & dados numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Saúde Mental , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and correlates of sexual assault in the context of intimate partner violence in a sample of women receiving a protection order in South Africa. In all, 268 women (18 years of age and older) consecutively receiving a protection order in the Vhembe District in South Africa were assessed by an external interviewer. Results indicate that from the total sample, 40.7% reported sexual assault, one or more times, during the relationship in the past 3 months; 58.2% reported stalking by the intimate partner; and almost all reported some form of psychological abuse (94.0%), physical violence (93.7%), and danger (99.3%). In all, 37% reported psychological, physical, and sexual violence. In multivariate regression psychological abuse, physical violence and stalking were found to be associated with sexual assault.
Assuntos
Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Vítimas de Crime/legislação & jurisprudência , Aplicação da Lei , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto , Mulheres Maltratadas/psicologia , Vítimas de Crime/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Relações Interpessoais , Masculino , Prevalência , Controle Social Formal , Fatores Socioeconômicos , África do Sul , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Saúde da Mulher/legislação & jurisprudência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The family physician's office is a potentially safe place to discuss intimate partner violence (IPV). RADAR (Remember to ask routinely, Ask directly [in private], Document findings, Assess safety, Review options) is a tool for identifying and responding to IPV. Physicians should ask permission to document abuse, consider using a body map, and ensure confidentiality. They should also assess immediate safety by asking about weapons in the home, children's safety, and the likelihood that the perpetrator will harm him- or herself or others. Federal privacy laws require physicians to inform patients about health information disclosure. Because mandatory reporting varies by state, physicians should communicate clearly the office's responsibilities. Interventions are based on an advocacy model that requires appropriate training and establishment of links to community-based resources. Brief advocacy includes providing information cards, whereas intensive intervention includes IPV education, danger assessment, prevention options, safety planning, and community referrals. The Stages of Change Model may help physicians understand a patient's readiness and ability to make a change. For the IPV survivor who has left an abusive partner, physicians should be aware of the challenges of safety, health, legal, and financial issues; protection orders are a possible safety strategy. The most common intervention for perpetrators is a batterer intervention program. Couples counseling by family physicians is contraindicated.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/organização & administração , Aconselhamento , Programas de Rastreamento , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/legislação & jurisprudência , Maus-Tratos Conjugais/psicologia , Mulheres Maltratadas/legislação & jurisprudência , Mulheres Maltratadas/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Saúde Comunitária/legislação & jurisprudência , Confidencialidade , Documentação , Feminino , Humanos , Notificação de Abuso , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Segurança do Paciente , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Secondary victimization may occur when rape victims make police reports. This can compromise the quality of official statements and jeopardize criminal cases. Rape reporters receive better treatment by police officers when advocates are involved and best practice police work includes such collaboration. Studies of advocates have described tension, role confusion, and poor communication with police officers. Many variables, including rape myth acceptance (RMA) and training on sexual assault dynamics, may affect officers' collaboration with advocates. There were 429 police officers who responded to a survey measuring their victim interviewing skill, formal training about rape, years on the job, number of victims known personally, number of recent rape cases, RMA, and collaboration with advocates. Results suggest that officers' interviewing skill, years on the job, and specific training are related to collaboration with victim advocates on rape cases. Professional, rather than personal, variables were most predictive of collaboration. Implications for officer selection and training are explored.